Comparison effect of herbals tea containing fenugreek seed and fennel seed on the signs of breast milk sufficiency in iranian girl infants with 0-4 months of age

Background: Fenugreek and Fennel seed has galactogogues properties due to phytoestrogen structure and can increase the volume of breast milk

Objective: The aim of this study was to comparison the effect of herbals teas containing Fenugreek seed and Fennel seed on the signs of breast milk sufficiency in girl infants with 0-4 months of age

Methods: This study was a triple blind clinical trial with placebo group. 117 mothers with 0-4 month’s girl infants randomly were placed in one of the three groups: herbal tea containing Fenugreek seed powder, herbal tea containing Fennel seed powder and placebo group. Before and during 4 weeks of study, the signs of breast milk sufficiency were evaluated through measurement of weight, height and head circumference and follow-up forms for measuring the number of wet diapers in a day, Frequency of defecation and infant breastfeeding times

Results: Before and after the intervention there was no significant difference in the signs of breast milk sufficiency between Fenugreek and Fennel groups. While before the intervention there was no significant difference in signs of breast milk sufficiency between three groups [P>0.05], but the number of breastfeeding times of placebo group was more than interventions groups [P<0.001]. At the end of fourth week repeated measures analysis showed, Fenugreek and Fennel significantly improved the signs of breast milk sufficiency compared with the placebo group [P<0.001]. But the height growth had no significant difference between the three groups [P=0/094]

Conclusion: Herbals teas of Fenugreek seed and Fennel seed in comparison to placebo group improves the signs of breast milk sufficiency

[Exploring the role of job plateau in the human resources burnout in career development path case study: Welfare Organization of East Azarbaijan]

Introduction: in recent years, one of the concepts that has attracted industrial and organizational psychologists' attention is employees' exhaustion called burnout having a direct relationship with inefficiency of human capital

Methods: this is an applied descriptive survery. The study population was 230 employees of East Azerbaijan province welfare. The data were collected by a researcher- made questionnaire based on the theory of Bardvik and the burnout theory of Maslach. For assessing the validity [Symbolic or formal] and thee reliability SPSS was used which showed 0/760 and 0/880, respectively. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics

Result: all variables in the research hypotheses, other than those of the first and second hypotheses, appeared to have a significant correlation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.056 which is less than less than 0.05. According to the statistics tables and linear regression analysis, it could be concluded that per unit change in the independent variable is explained by a change in the dependent variable

Conclusion: the results indicate that, career plateau and its dimensions, except for the lack of learning, are effective on staff burnout in Welfare Organization of East Azerbaijan province

Phylogenetic study based on the phosphoprotein gene of Iranian Newcastle disease viruses [NDV] isolates, 2010 -2012

Newcastle disease virus [NDV] is the causative agent of the Newcastle disease [ND], a highly contagious disease in birds that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ND is endemic in Iran and outbreaks are reported regularly in commercial poultry flocks and different species of birds. The current study was carried out to characterize NDV based on phosphorprotein [P] gene from recent outbreaks in Iran, 2010-2012. The P gene fragment of NDV isolates of five chickens, 1 ostrich, and 1 Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 was obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences revealed that chicken and ostrich NDV isolates were closely related and placed in the genotype VII and Pigeon Paramyxovirus-1 was located in the genotype V. This is the first report of Phosphoprotein gene sequences of NDV strains isolated in Iran. This study will help us to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of Newcastle disease virus in Iran

[Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of feline hemotropic mycoplasmas]

Feline hemotropic mycoplasmas are parasites of erythrocytes and include three species, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum and Candidatus mycoplasma turicensis. Diagnosis of the infection with these microorganisms can be carried out using conventional assays such as blood cytology. However, these assays have a low accuracy and a high rate of false-positive results due to the poor techniques and procedures and high occurrence of artifacts. Therefore, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction [PCR] are better methods for the diagnosis of infections by these bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate Feline hemotropic mycoplasma prevalence and phylogenetic analysis in Tehran. Sixty cat blood samples were collected from veterinary clinics in Tehran from 2011 to 2012. Giemsa stained blood smears have been examined by the light microscopes and the positive samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. Positive PCR samples were sequenced for the differentiation of bacterial species and phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-two samples were positive in direct examination from which two samples were identified as M. haemofelis by the PCR. No positive samples of C. M. haemominutum or C. M. turicensis were found in PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed that these isolates were more similar to the isolates from China and Thailand compared to those from other countries. This study is the first report of phylogenetic analysis of hemotropic mycoplasmas in Iran. Based on the high sequence similarity between Iran, China and Thailand isolates, it can be concluded that these bacteria possibly had the same origin

[Change in sex ratio among newborn rats in response to potassium supplements]

Affecting the female reproductive organ and the layers around the oocyst, some ration ions could facilitate the penetration of sperm with specific chromosome type and change the sex ratio in mammal infants. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of potassium supplement on the sex ratio in rat. The percentage of moisture, ash, crude fat and protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, and energy was measured in the ration of rats. In one gestation period, the male and female pups from 32 female and 8 male adult rats were counted as control group. In experimental group, potassium citrate [36% potassium] was used in control group ration to raise the level of potassium from 0.35% to 0.8% and 12 female and 3 male adult rats were fed with that ration in two gestation periods. The number of male and female pups in both groups was counted at the age of three days. Sex ratio in both groups was compared using chi-square test [SPSS, Ver. 11.5]. The ration of control group had 90% dry matter, 8% ash, 4.1% crude fat, 21.6% crude protein, 70.8% total digestible nutrients [TDN], 0.4% calcium, 0.3% potassium and 0.1% sodium. The ratio of male pups in the rats were fed with potassium supplement [1.52, 100 male and 66 female pups] was higher [p=0.03] compared to the control group [0.94, 115 male and 122 female pups]. Raising the level of potassium in food ration can increase the number of male pups over 10% in each gestation

Association of IGF-1 gene [rs5742612] polymorphism with colorectal cancer

Background: Insulin-like growth factor 1 has an important role in cell proliferation and growth. Polymorphism in IGF-1 gene changes the level of this hormone and increases the risk of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence of IGF-1 polymorphism rs5742612 in Iranian population and to investigate the influence of this polymorphism in increasing the risk of colorectal cancer

Methods and Materials: Genotyping of IGF-1 gene was performed in a series of 110 colorectal cancer patients and 110 controls by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping [PCR-RFLP] assays. We calculated odds ratio and confidence interval [CI] of IGF-1 genotypes to determine if these polymorphisms are associated with colorectal cancer

Results: No significant association was found between polymorphism of IGF-1 gene [rs5742612] and increased risk of colorectal cancer [p=0.92]. The odds ratio for the heterozygous genotype CT versus the normal genotype CC was 1.3 [95% CI:0.3-6.27] and the odds ratio for the mutant genotype TT versus the normal genotype CC was 0.0. The frequency of the mutant allele was 2.5%

Conclusion: These findings suggest that IGF-1 rs5742612 polymorphism is not associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer

Comparison of salivary ion activity product for hydroxyapatite [IPHA], alkaline phosphatase and buffering capacity of adults according to age and caries severity

Statement of Problem: Tooth caries is influenced by different biochemical characteristics of saliva. As hydroxyapatite is the main component of enamel, salivary ion activity product for hydroxyapatite [IPHA] as well as alkaline phosphatase may be attributed to dental caries

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare salivary buffering capacity, alkaline phosphatase and IPHA of adults according to the dental caries and age

Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty 19 to 44 years old male individuals were divided into four groups according to the dental caries rate and age: group 1: 19-35 years old low dental caries [DMFT <5]; group 2: 19-35 years old high dental caries [DMFT 5<]; group 3: 35-44 years old low dental caries [DMFT <11] and 35-44 years old high dental caries [DMFT 11<]. Five milliliter of unstimulated saliva was collected, and then buffering capacity, the level of alkaline phosphatase activity and IPHA was determined for each sample. Data was analyzed by soft ware SPSS using two way ANOVA, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests

Results: Mean and standard deviation of buffering capacity of group 1 to 4 was 2.66 +/- 0.54, 2.64 +/- 0.56, 2.70 +/- 0.70 and 2.26 +/- 0.82, respectively. The difference was not significance [p= 0. 305]. Mean and standard deviation of alkaline phosphatase activity of group 1 to 4 was 5.82 +/- 2.91, 5.30 +/- 1.52, 4.77 +/- 1.82 and 4.55 +/- 1.61, respectively. There was no significant difference [p= 0.692]. Mean and standard deviation of IPHA of group 1 to 4 was 29.39 +/- 0.61, 29.51 +/- 0.76, 29.14 +/- 0.56 and 29.75 +/- 0.75, respectively. The difference was significant [p= 0.049]

Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, buffering capacity and the level of alkaline phosphatase couldn't affect dental caries, independently. However, the higher value of IPHA may be attributed to the higher dental caries rate. Ageing decreases alkaline phosphatase activity

Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism [VDR rs 2238136] with colorectal cancer

Many studies have demonstrated that Vitamin D has an important role in cell growth and proliferation and vitamin D receptor polymorphism has significant relationship with colorectal cancer [CRC]. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of VDR rs 2238136 polymorphism in Iranian population and to investigate the relationship between this single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] and increased risk of CRC. In this case-control study, genotyping of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism [VDR rs2238136] was determined in a series of 112 colorectal cancer patients and 112 controls by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping assays [PCR-RFLP]. Statistical analysis was done through SPSS 16. VDR polymorphism [rs 2238136] had no significant relationship with CRC risk. The result of statistical analysis for the genotype AG compared with GG was OR=0. 59, CI=0.33-1.03 and for AA versus GG was OR=0.8, Ct=0.29-2.17. Incidence of mutant allele in patients and controls did not show significant difference [OR=0.74, CI=0.49 -1.13]. These findings suggest that VDR [rs 2238136] is not associated with increased risk of CRC. Moreover age, sex and smoking are not predisposing factors for increased risk of CRC

Alternative for the Cox regression model: using parametric models to analyze the survival of cancer patients

Although the Cox proportional hazard regression is the most popular model for analyzing the prognostic factors on survival of cancer patients, under certain circumstances, parametric models estimate the parameter more efficiently than the Cox model. The aim of this study was to compare the Cox regression model with parametric models in patients with gastric cancer who registered at Taleghani hospital, Tehran, Iran. In a retrospective cohort study, 746 patients with gastric cancer were studied from February 2003 through January 2007. Gender, age at diagnosis, distant metastasis, extent of wall penetration, tumor size, histology type, tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and pathologic stage were selected as prognosis, and entered to the models. Lognormal, Exponential, Gompertz, Weibull, Loglogistic and Gamma regression were performed as parametric models, and Akaike Information Criterion [AIC] were used to compare the efficiency of the models. Based on AIC, Log logistic is an efficient model. Log logistic analysis indicated that wall penetration and presence of pathologic distant metastasis were potential risks for death in full and final model analyses. In the multivariate analysis, all the parametric models fit better than Cox with respect to AIC; and the log logistic regression was the best model among them. Therefore, when the proportional hazard assumption does not hold, these models could be used as an alternative and could lead to acceptable conclusions

[Effect of interleukin-12 p40 subunit gene 3'-untranslated region polymorphism in chronic HCV infection]

Production of unusual cytokine levels in hepatitis C infection appears to be associated with progression of the disease, persistence of the virus in host, and establishment of chronic disease. Interleukin-12 as a heterodimeric immunoregulating cytokine is important in the generation of a Th1-based immune response. In this study we investigated the role of IL-12B 3'UTR polymorphism in susceptibility to chronic hepatitis C infection. A total of 126 chronic hepatitis C patients and 136 healthy blood donors were genotyped for IL12-p 40-3' UTR polymorphism. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP method. The results were confirmed by analyzing 10% of the samples by direct sequencing. We found no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of the 3'UTR polymorphism between chronic hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. There was no association between IL12B-3'UTR polymorphism and chronic hepatitis C infection. Our study can be useful in regard to the factors regulating IL-12 production, and its consequent impact on chronic hepatitis C infection susceptibility in Iranian population

Prevalence of positive family history of colorectal cancer in the Iranian general population

Individuals with a positive family history of colorectal cancer have an increased risk of developing this type of cancer. The number of affected relatives and the age at diagnosis are two factors that increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of a positive family history of colorectal cancer in a random sample among the Iranian general population. Five thousand five hundred [5500] subjects' aged>/-20 years were randomly selected by cluster sampling and invited to participate in an interview about the occurrence of colorectal cancer in their first- or second-degree relatives. Of all the responders, 162 [2.9%] subjects reported a positive family history of colorectal cancer; 71 [1.24%] reported having one first-degree relative with colorectal cancer diagnosed before the age of 50; or reported two or more first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer. In addition, 83 [1.51%] and 14 [0.25%] subjects reported having one and two or more second-degree relatives with colorectal cancer respectively. The prevalence of a positive family history of colorectal cancer in Iran is lower than the United States and European countries. Identifying high-risk population for colorectal cancer and encouraging them to participate in surveillance protocols is the first step in targeting preventive measures

[Fuzzy clustering approach in DNAmicroarray]

Microarray techniques are successfully used to investigate thousands of gene expression profiling in a variety of genomic analyses such as gene identification, drug discovery and clinical diagnosis, providing a large amount of genomic data for the overall research community. Statistical analysis of such databases included normalization, clustering, classification, etc. The present study surveyed the application of fuzzy clustering technique in DNA microarray analysis. Golub, et al collected data bases of leukemia based on the method of oligonucleotide in 1999. The data are on the internet for free. In this paper we did analysis on this data set and gene expression data were clustered by fuzzy clustering. Data set included 20 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia [ALL] patients and 14 Acute Myeloid Leukemia [AML] patients. Efficiency of clustering was compared with regard to real grouping [ALL and AML]. We used R software for data analysis Specificity and sensitivity of fuzzy clustering in diagnosing of ALL patients are 90% and 93%, respectively. These results show a good accomplishment of both clustering methods. It is considerable that, due to clustering methods results, one of the samples was placed in ALL group, which had been in AML group in clinical test. With regard to concordance of the results with real grouping of data, it could be said that we can use these methods in cases where we don't have accurate information of real data grouping. Moreover, results of clustering might distinguish subgroups of data in such a way

[Norovirus detection and genotyping in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran]

Human Noroviruses [NoVs] are one of the important causes of acute gastroenteritis. NoVs are highly infectious and also spread by person to person transmission through the fecal-oral route. NoVs can be classified into five major genogroups, of which genogroups I and II are recognized as the major cause of NoVs infections in human. There is not enough information about Norovirus gastroenteritis in adult patients in Tehran. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of diarrhea caused by NoVs infection in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis referring to Shohada Hospital in Tehran. From May to February 2008 we collected 67 stool samples from the patients older than 18 years of age with acute gastroenteritis. RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed using specific primers which could distinguish between genogroups I and II of NoVs. Three stool samples [4.5%] were positive for NoVs RNA. All of three positive samples obtained in autumn belonged to genogroup I. The mean age of NoVs infected patients was 32+8.7 years. The results of our study revealed the role of NoVs as a cause of gastroenteritis in adult patients. It's also demonstrated that genogroup I of Norovirus is the most prevalent genogroup in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran

[Remifentanil versus propofol on pain and hemodynamic in patients under phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia]

To evaluate the effect of propofol and remifentanil on pain and hemodynamic in patients under phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia. After Ethic's committee approval in a clinical trial study, 100 consecutive patients scheduled for phacoemulsification were randomized to 2 groups in a prospective manner. Each group received intravenous infusion 3 mg/kg/h propofol or 3 micro/kg/h remifentanil. Phaco time, blood pressure and heart rate before and after surgery, number of patients with respiratory depression [O2 sat < 90%] and vomiting, pain scores, ophthalmologist satisfaction and demographic data were recorded. Mean age, sex and phaco time were equal in the two groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were decreased significantly [p < 0.05] in propofol group but this difference in remifentanil was not significant. Patients had more pain in propofol group [p = 0.001] and the surgeon satisfaction was higher in remifentanil group [p = 0.01]. Two patients in the remifentanil group had respiratory depression but the difference was not statistically significant [p > 0.05]. Perioperative vomiting was not found in any groups. With the doses used in this study, it was shown that remifentanil was more effective than propofol in minimizing pain and hemodynamic stability without producing excessive, respiratory depression or perioperative nausea and vomiting

Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among dental students

Hepatitis B infection is a major public health problem worldwide. Dental students who are I frequently in contact with body fluids like blood and saliva are still at high risk for HBV exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of HBV vaccine and personal factors associated with serologic evidence of the immune response. A descriptive-cross sectional study was carried out using data from Hamadan dental school students that received Just three doses of HBV vaccine. The serum sample of 86 dental clinical students were examined in order to determine hepatitis B surface antigen and the level of anti-HBs using IEMA method. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship of vaccine response to the variables Sex, age weight, smoking status and the time lasting from the third dose of vaccine injection. Ninety-three percent had positive anti-HBs response and 7% were non-responders. No one showed HBsAg. Vaccine response was most strongly associated with age, smoking status, sex and weight. The time lasting from the third dose was unrelated to vaccine response. Clinical dental students had desirable immune response to the HBV vaccine nevertheless recommended number of doses, standard protocol and early vaccination are critical to adequate protection against hepatitis infection among all health care workers, in particular dental students and dentists who are often exposed to blood and other body fluids

Evaluation of salivary albumin in diabetic patients

The clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus in oral cavity are xerostomia, pathological changes in periodontal tissues and caries. It has been suggested that the determination of salvia's components in diabetic patients may be useful in describing and further understanding the oral findings in this condition. The aim of this study was to detect differences between the salivary albumin in diabetic patients and healthy people. A case-control study was carried out using data from Hamadan researches diabetes center in 2008. We selected 40 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus aged 9-61 years, 40 patients with type2 aged 39-82 years and 40 healthy controls aged 20-67 years. Dental and oral status was assessed for all subjects. Completely unstimulated saliva samples were collected from diabetic patients and control subjects. Nephelometric method was used to determine salivary albumin concentration. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS. No significant difference in salivary albumin concentration was found between the control group and type 1 diabetic patients but salivary albumin was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients in compare with control groups [P=0.017], also no significant difference was found between type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, complain of dry mouth and burning feeling in mouth was significantly higher, as well as, dental examinations showed higher DMFT mean values than the controls. Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus have higher concentration of salivary albumin that would play a helpful diagnostic role in oral findings of diabetic patients

Positive association between diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer

In recent years, many studies employed and found an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. Although increased risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [NIDDM] has been observed in previous studies, limited information is available on the colorectal cancer associated with NIDDM in Iran. The purpose of this study was to define colorectal cancer risk associated with diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed as an unmatched case control study. Cases were 393 patients with histologically confirmed colorectal carcinomas and 393 controls were randomly selected among the healthy participants in a health survey. To control potential confounding factors such as sex, age, smoking habits and Body Mass Index [BMI], multiple logistic regression model was fitted to obtain Odds Ratio of colorectal cancer and the corresponding 95% CIs, according to history of diabetes mellitus. Overall, 86 [10%] cases versus 15 [1.7%] controls gave a history of diabetes mellitus. The corresponding multivariate OR was 6.77 [CI 95%: 3.84- 11.92] indicating that having a positive history of diabetes mellitus increases one's risk of colorectal cancer about six-fold. The risk of colorectal cancer was slightly increased for women [p<0.05]. Current smokers were at a higher CRC risk [OR=2.83, CI95%:2.13-3.76] than never smokers. We found a strong positive association between NIDDM and prevalent colorectal cancer. In summary, these findings provide further indirect epidemiological evidence for the hypothesis that hyperinsulinaemia may be important in the development of colorectal cancer

[Prevalence of orofacial complication among thalassemic patients in thalassemia center of Qazvin]

Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of which Homozygote type [major-beta-thalassemia] is the most severe hemolytic anemia in Iran. Regarding the importance of orofacial complications in these patients and not having enough information about this disease in Iran, it's necessary to do a research in this point as well as knowing and reducing of orofacial complications of thalassemia. This descriptive [Case Series] study was done among all patients of Qazvin thalassemia center [110 patients]. Orofacial examinations [shape of face and nose, maxillary protrusion, oral paleness, delayed eruption of teeth, caries rate and type of occlusion] were done and their relation with medical treatment was evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS software and Chi[2] test. The prevalence of orofacial complications are ranged as fallow: Saddle nose[71.08%], maxillary protrusion [55.5%], paleness of oral mucosa[48.2%], rodent face [30%], deep bite [28.2%], spaces between maxillary anterior teeth [22.7%], open bite [13.6%], delayed eruption of primary [10%] and permanent [8.2%] teeth. Prevalence of occlusion types were decreased as fallow: class I,II and III. Caries index [DMFT and dmft] was significantly more among the thalassemic patients than healthy peoples [P<0.05]. The prevalence of orofacial complications of thalassemia was very considerable. This study also showed the importance of early diagnosis and intensive medical treatment in reducing these complications

[Evaluation of serum levels of interleukin-6 and -8 in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations]

Recurrent aphthous ulcers [RAU] are one of the most common ulcers in the oral cavity. Several studies have shown conflicting variations for inflammatory cytokines and other biologic markers in recurrent aphthous ulcers. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of IL-8 and IL-6 in the serum of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers. In this case- control study, the serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 were measured in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers [n=40] and in healthy control subjects [n=40]. The cytokines levels were measured in the serum by ELISA. The data were analyzed with SPSS software using T- test. The mean value of the IL-8 and IL-6 in the patient group was 52.24 pg/ml and 9.39 pg/ml which were 10 and 4 times higher than that of the control group, respectively. The differences were statistically significant [p<0.01]. The results of the present study showed that the serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 were elevated in the patient group, IL-8 level being more considerable

[Prevalence of orofacial complication among thalassemic patients in Thalassemia center of Qazvin]

Background: thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of which Homozygote type [major-beta-thalassemia] is the most severe hemolytic anemia in Iran. Regarding the importance of orofacial complications in these patients and not having enough information about this disease in Iran, it`s necessary to do a research in this point as well as knowing and reducing of orofacial complications of thalassemia

Materials and Methods: this descriptive [Case Series] study was done among all patients of Qazvin thalassemia center [110 patients]. Orofacial examinations [shape of face and nose, maxillary protrusion, oral paleness, delayed eruption of teeth, caries rate and type of occlusion] were done and their relation with medical treatment was evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS software and x[2]test

Results: the prevalence of orofacial complications are ranged as fallow: Saddle nose [71.08%], maxillary protrusion [55.5%], paleness of oral mucosa [48.2%], rodent face [30%], deep bite [28.2%], spaces between maxillary anterior teeth [22.7%], open bite [13.6%], delayed eruption of primary [10%] and permanent [8.2%] teeth. Prevalence of occlusion types were decreased as fallow: class I, II and III. Caries index [DMFT and dmft] was significantly more among the thalassemic patients than healthy peoples [P<0.05]

Conclusions: the prevalence of orofacial complications of thalassemia was very considerable. This study also showed the importance of early diagnosis and intensive medical treatment in reducing these complications